Space and Time (SXT) is a decentralized data warehouse and blockchain protocol introducing Proof of SQL, a zero-knowledge protocol that allows smart contracts and decentralized applications to query both on-chain and off-chain data with cryptographic guarantees. While most blockchains serve primarily as immutable ledgers, they lack the ability to efficiently process large-scale queries or to integrate seamlessly with traditional data systems. This gap leaves developers unable to build the kind of rich, data-driven applications that dominate Web2.
SXT aims to change that by bringing together blockchain security, verifiable computation, and the familiarity of SQL, one of the most widely used programming languages for data. Its innovation lies in proving the correctness of complex queries in real time, allowing smart contracts to operate with confidence in the accuracy of the data they consume. Whether it’s calculating borrower credit scores for DeFi lending, pricing derivatives, verifying gaming metrics, or supporting real-world asset tokenization, SXT enables a new level of trustless functionality that previously wasn’t possible in decentralized environments.
This vision is not just incremental it is transformative. By positioning itself as a verifiable data layer for Web3, SXT expands the design space for blockchain applications and creates a foundation where decentralized systems can rival and even surpass traditional data infrastructure in security, transparency, and scalability.
Problem Statement
Smart Contracts Lack Data Access Current blockchains cannot query historical or external data directly. Smart contracts are limited to inputs pushed via oracles, restricting their ability to build data-rich applications.
Limitations of Existing Zero-Knowledge Solutions Zero-knowledge proofs are powerful for privacy and verification but remain slow, complex, and poorly suited for handling large-scale SQL-style queries.
No On-Chain Database Layer Blockchains function as ledgers of transactions, not as query engines. They cannot natively execute SQL operations on large datasets.
Centralized Oracles Create Trust Bottlenecks Many applications rely on centralized or semi-centralized oracles for off-chain data, introducing single points of failure and undermining decentralization.
Limited Use Cases for Data in Web3 Without verifiable access to large and diverse datasets, smart contracts remain constrained to narrow DeFi primitives rather than powering broader Web3 economies.
Solutions Provided by Space and Time
Proof of SQL Protocol Space and Time introduces a zero-knowledge proof mechanism optimized for SQL queries. Prover nodes execute queries, generate cryptographic proofs of correctness, and enable on-chain verification.
Decentralized Data Warehouse A tamperproof, decentralized database where blockchain and off-chain data are indexed into SQL-compatible formats. This structure allows developers to build advanced data-driven applications without sacrificing verifiability.
Hybrid Data Querying Developers can run queries that join on-chain and off-chain datasets within the same environment, with results verified cryptographically before being delivered to smart contracts.
High-Performance ZK Proofs The system benchmarks sub-second query proofs on million-row datasets using GPUs, making verifiable SQL queries practical at scale.
Network Architecture
Indexer Nodes: Continuously fetch and format blockchain data.
Prover Nodes: Execute SQL queries and generate ZK proofs.
Validators: Maintain commitments to data tables, ensuring integrity.
Relayer Contracts: Deliver verified query results to EVM-compatible smart contracts.
Developer-Friendly Environment SQL is already a universal programming language for data. By making it verifiable in a decentralized context, SXT dramatically lowers barriers to adoption for traditional developers.
Problem–Solution Overview
ProblemsSolutions
Smart Contracts Lack Data Access: Chains cannot natively query historical/external data and depend on pushed oracle inputs.
Hybrid Data Querying: Join on-chain and off-chain datasets in one environment; results are cryptographically verified before delivery to contracts.
Limitations of Existing Zero-Knowledge Solutions: Generic ZK stacks are slow/complex and ill-suited for large SQL-style queries.
Proof of SQL Protocol: A ZK system optimized for SQL—provers execute queries and generate succinct proofs that can be verified on-chain.
No On-Chain Database Layer: Blockchains are ledgers, not query engines; can’t run SQL over large datasets.
Decentralized Data Warehouse: Tamper-evident, SQL-compatible storage indexes chain + off-chain data so developers can build verifiable, data-rich apps.
Centralized Oracles Create Trust Bottlenecks: Single points of failure undermine decentralization and integrity of inputs.
Verifiable Delivery via Network Architecture: Indexer nodes fetch/format data; prover nodes produce SQL proofs; validators commit table states; relayer contracts deliver verified results to EVM apps.
Limited Use Cases for Data in Web3: Without trustworthy access to diverse datasets, contracts stay confined to narrow DeFi primitives.
High-Performance ZK Proofs: GPU-accelerated, sub-second proofs on million-row tables make verifiable analytics practical, unlocking broader Web3 applications.
Developer Friction: Specialized stacks and unfamiliar tooling raise the learning curve and slow adoption.
Developer-Friendly Environment: Standard SQL and a familiar warehouse model lower barriers so Web2 data teams can ship verifiable Web3 apps quickly.
Technology and Architecture
Proof of SQL: Zero-knowledge circuits designed to prove SQL query correctness without revealing underlying data.
Tamperproof Tables: Data structures secured by cryptographic commitments, ensuring integrity of indexed datasets.
GPU Acceleration: Query proofs benchmarked in sub-seconds for million-row tables.
EVM Compatibility: Relayer contracts allow any EVM chain to integrate SXT query verification.
Data Sources: On-chain transaction data, off-chain APIs, and user-contributed datasets.
Scalability: Distributed network of indexers, provers, and validators ensures performance and resilience.
3.5/5
Technology & Architecture
Proof of SQL
Zero-knowledge circuits designed to prove SQL query correctness without revealing underlying data.
ZKSQL
Tamperproof Tables
Data structures secured by cryptographic commitments, ensuring integrity of indexed datasets.
CommitmentsIntegrity
GPU Acceleration
Query proofs benchmarked in sub-seconds for million-row tables.
GPUSub-second
EVM Compatibility
Relayer contracts allow any EVM chain to integrate SXT query verification.
EVMRelayer
Data Sources
On-chain transaction data, off-chain APIs, and user-contributed datasets.
On-chainAPIsUser Data
Scalability
Distributed network of indexers, provers, and validators ensures performance and resilience.
IndexersProversValidators
Tokenomics
Token Symbol: SXT
Utility:
Payment for query execution and verification
Staking by validators and data contributors
Governance participation
Access to the decentralized data marketplace
Rewards:
Security Budget Vault: Rewards validators securing the network
Table Owner Vault: Incentivizes users who contribute valuable data tables
Economic Model: Query fees and staking rewards create a self-sustaining cycle, while governance ensures community direction of protocol upgrades.
Allocation:
28% – Community Rewards
25.9% – Investors
23.7% – Ecosystem Development
22.4% – Team
Market Performance
📊 Market Performance
4/5
All-Time High
$0.1869
(May 08, 2025)
All-Time Low
$0.0591
(Jun 23, 2025)
Exchange Listings:
BinanceBybitCoinbaseBitgetMEXCGate.ioKuCoin
Liquidity:
High on CEXsBinanceBybitCoinbase
$23.48M
24h average trading volume
Team
Space and Time is led by experienced builders in cryptography, databases, and blockchain engineering. While specific names are not detailed in the whitepaper, the project highlights its collaborations with AI researchers, enterprise partners, and blockchain ecosystems. Its research focus on Proof of SQL demonstrates deep technical expertise in zero-knowledge cryptography.
Nate Holiday: Co-Founder & CEO.
Scott Dykstra: Co-founder & CTO.
Jay White: Co-founder & Head of Research.
Rika Khurdayan: CLO.
Project Analysis
Comparative Overview
Vs. Chainlink: Chainlink provides secure data feeds for blockchains but does not enable complex SQL queries or verifiable large-scale data analytics.
Vs. The Graph: The Graph indexes blockchain data but lacks zero-knowledge proofs for query verification. Space and Time offers stronger verifiability.
Vs. Flare: Flare provides smart contract interoperability and data feeds but is not optimized for SQL proofs and decentralized database-level operations.
Strengths
First to market with verifiable SQL queries.
SQL lowers adoption barriers for developers.
Strong alignment with narratives in AI, RWA, and DeFi.
High-frequency oracle specialized in real-time financial/market data
Permissionless querying; providers are permissioned
Optimized for latency (sub-second feeds); strong DeFi adoption; niche focus on trading/price data
Ocean Protocol
Decentralized data marketplace; tokenized datasets for AI/ML and enterprise use
Permissionless, with optional compliance layers
Data monetization & AI training focus; not a query warehouse; complementary rather than competitive with SXT
Conclusion
Space and Time represents one of the most ambitious attempts to close the gap between blockchain’s immutability and the rich, dynamic data needs of modern applications. With its Proof of SQL, it brings trustless verifiability to one of the most important tools in the digital era SQL while making it available in a decentralized, cryptographically secure environment.
This innovation has the potential to transform how developers build in Web3. Instead of working with black-box data feeds or centralized intermediaries, they can now query massive datasets with confidence that the results are correct and untampered. This drastically expands what smart contracts can do, opening new doors in DeFi, gaming, social applications, and real-world assets.
While SXT is still in its infancy, its direction aligns with key narratives shaping the future: data verifiability, AI integrity, and decentralized computation. If the project delivers on its promises, it could redefine the role of data in blockchain ecosystems and become the backbone for a new generation of trustless, data-driven applications.
For developers and enterprises alike, Space and Time offers a vision that blends the familiarity of Web2 tooling with the assurances of Web3 security. It is not only building technology it is building the infrastructure for a more transparent and trustworthy internet.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Space and Time (SXT)?
Space and Time is a decentralized data warehouse and blockchain protocol that introduces Proof of SQL, enabling trustless and verifiable queries across both on-chain and off-chain data.
What is Proof of SQL?
Proof of SQL is a zero-knowledge proof mechanism optimized for SQL queries, ensuring that query results can be verified on-chain without revealing the underlying dataset.
Why do smart contracts need SXT?
Smart contracts today lack direct access to external or historical data. SXT allows them to use complex, verifiable queries, enabling more advanced applications in DeFi, gaming, and enterprise use cases.
How does Space and Time compare to Chainlink or The Graph?
Chainlink provides secure data feeds and The Graph indexes blockchain data, but neither offers zero-knowledge verifiability for SQL queries. SXT fills this gap by combining database functionality with cryptographic proofs.
What are the key components of the network?
The network is powered by indexer nodes (fetch data), prover nodes (execute queries and generate proofs), validators (maintain data commitments), and relayer contracts (deliver verified results).
What role does the SXT token play?
SXT is used to pay for query execution, staking by validators, governance participation, and accessing the decentralized data marketplace. Holders also benefit from reward vaults that incentivize security and data contributions.
Who can use Space and Time?
Developers across DeFi, gaming, social applications, enterprise systems, and real-world asset tokenization can leverage SXT for building data-rich, trustless applications.
How does SXT ensure scalability?
By leveraging GPU acceleration, sub-second query proofs, and a distributed architecture of indexers, provers, and validators, SXT ensures it can handle large datasets at scale.
What are the main challenges for adoption?
SXT must attract developers, prove real-world performance, and differentiate itself against established oracle networks. Its complex stack may also create a learning curve for early adopters.
What is SXT’s long-term vision?
To establish itself as the verifiable data layer of Web3, bridging blockchain, AI, and enterprise systems, and enabling a new era of transparent, trustless, data-powered applications.
Space and Time (SXT)
The Graph
Chainlink
Flare Network
Covalent
